Stephen Jones's Articles

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Folate Receptor 4 (FR4) Folates play an important role in protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis and are particularly recognized for their roles in spinal canal and brain development during early pregnancy. Neuropilin-1/BDCA-4/CD304 Neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1) was recently identified as a possible surface marker for naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and is constitutively expressed on the cell irrespective of its activation status. A Functional Contributor to Cancer Metastatic Potential Tumor metastasis plays a key role in assessing treatment strategies and an important factor in determining patient prognosis. Not surprisingly, significant effort has been focused on elucidating the molecular basis behind tumor metastasis. TLR10- cluster of differentiation 290 Toll-like receptor 10 (TLR10) often known as CD290 (cluster of differentiation 290), is the most recently identified human homolog of the Drosophila TOLL protein. TLR9- cluster of differentiation 289 Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) often known as CD289 (cluster of differentiation 289), is a member of the Toll-like receptor family that recognizes pathogen-associated molecular pattern. TLR8- cluster of differentiation 288 Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) often designated as CD288 (cluster of differentiation 288) is a member of evolutionarily conserved Toll-like receptor family which are critical parts of the evolutionarily conserved innate immune system. TLR7- cluster of differentiation 287 Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), is an immune gene possessed by humans, other mammals and additionally in avian species playing a significant role in initiating antiviral immune responses. TLR6- cluster of differentiation 286 Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) often designated as CD286 (cluster of differentiation 286), is a member of the Toll-like receptor family, a highly conserved series of ancient innate immune pattern recognition receptors. TLR5- cluster of differentiation 285 Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), a member of the evolutionarily conserved Toll-like receptor family, has evolved to permit mammals specifically to detect flagellated bacterial pathogens. TLR4- cluster of differentiation 284 Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) often designated as CD284 (cluster of differentiation 284) is a class I transmembrane receptor belonging to the large homologous family of Toll like receptors. TLR3- cluster of differentiation 283 Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) often designated as CD283 (cluster of differentiation 283) is a type I transmembrane receptor protein. It belongs to a family of evolutionary conserved innate immune recognition molecules and recognizes double-stranded RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infections. TLR2- cluster of differentiation 282 Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), often designated as CD282 (cluster of differentiation 282) is a type I transmembrane protein belonging to the large homologous family of Toll like receptors. TLR1- cluster of differentiation 281 Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) often designated as CD281 (cluster of differentiation 281), a member of the Toll-like receptor family recognizes pathogen-associated molecular pattern with specificity for gram-positive bacteria. Stem Cell Factor (SCF)- The c-kit ligand Hematopoiesis is governed by a number of cytokines that promote the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells. Stem cell factor (SCF; also known as kit ligand, mast cell growth factor, or steel factor) is a hematopoietic cytokine that triggers its biologic effects by binding to its receptor, c-kit. For more details read out the article: IMGENEX has now p73 phosphospecific antibody The p53 family member, p73, also known as tumor protein 73 (TP73) has been recently identified as a structural and functional homolog of the tumor suppressor protein p53. For more details read out the article: Cytoskeleton-the cellular scaffold The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers throughout the cell's cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell. It is a cellular scaffolding or skeleton contained within the cytoplasm, present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. For more details read out the article: Faces of DARPP-32: Master Signaling Mediator in the Brain? As a major target for dopamine-activated adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A in the striatum, DARPP-32 plays a central role in regulating the efficacy of dopaminergic neurotransmission and can act either as a phosphatase or kinase inhibitor in a contextually dependent manner. For more detail read out the article: Fundamental Immunology, Basic Immunology and Allergy Immunology Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade our systems and cause disease. For more details read out the following article:- Improved RNA interference kits launched by Imgenex RNA interference (RNAi) is the process of mRNA degradation that is induced by double-stranded RNA in a sequence-specific manner. RNAi has been observed in all eukaryotes, from yeast to mammals. The RNAi pathway is thought to be an ancient mechanism for protecting the host and its genome against viruses and rogue genetic elements that use double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in their life cycles. For more details read out the following article:- New FOXP3Δ2 (Exon 2 Deleted) Specific Antibody FOXP3 is a master regulator of immune homeostasis expressed specifically in CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cells controlling their growth, development and function and generally accepted to be expressed in both mouse and human CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. Although the emergence of regulatory T-cells and the role of FoxP3 as a critical player in their development holds great promise for the development of novel therapies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases in humans. Regulatory T Cells (Treg) Early development and differentiation of nascent T cells inside the thymus is a complex and remarkable mechanism. Around 1010 TCR variations are generated in developing lymphocyte clones through a random process of somatic cell gene reorganization. These types of T-cells require a different strategy to tame their autoimmune potential. One of many immunotolerance mechanisms that immune system has developed to distinguish between self and non-self antigens is regulatory T cells or Tregs. Transcriptional Factors And Regulators All the cellular processes in living cells such as growth, development, morphogenesis and cellular differentiation are a product of gene expression programs involving complicated transcriptional regulation of several genes. This process of transcriptional regulation is tightly controlled and coordinated by proteins called transcriptional regulators. Toll-Like Receptor(TLR) : Unique Antibody from Imgenex Toll-like Receptor (TLR) family is a phylogenetically conserved mediator of innate immunity that is essential for microbial recognition. TLRs are evolutionarily conserved and their congeners have been found in insects, plants, and mammals. For more details read out the following article: Actin Antibody Available in Imgenex now Actin is a ubiquitous protein involved in the formation of filaments that are major components of the cytoskeleton. It is the monomeric subunit of microfilaments, one of the three major components of the cytoskeleton, and of thin filaments which are part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells. For more details read out the article: ATM (Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated) Antibodies from Imgenex ATM, the gene product mutated in the cancer susceptibility syndrome ataxia-telangiectasia, is related to proteins involved in DNA repair and cell-cycle control. In undamaged cells it is present as a dimer or oligomer molecule in which the kinase domain is silent because associated with the FAT region of another ATM monomer. For more information about ATM read out the given article: Akt Family: Antibodies from Imgenex Akt family of serine/threonine-directed kinases regulates a diverse array of biological processes, including cellular survival, proliferation, glucose homeostasis, and vascular tone and are important molecules in mammalian cellular signaling. For more information about Akt family read out the given article: QuikChIP Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Kits The principle of the ChIP assay is simple yet the process can be technically challenging. It is with these challenges in mind that IMGENEX developed the QuikChIP Kit for chromatin immunoprecipitation. Find out more information from the following article: Epigenetic and Signal Transduction Reagents IMGENEX offers over 90 Chromatin, DNA Methylation & Repair, and DNA Fragmentation-related antibodies, many of which have been cited in numerous peer-reviewed journals. Find out more details in the following article: GPCRs: Exploring New Paradigms As one of the largest and most diverse protein families in nature, the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily play important roles in a variety of biological and pathological processes such as development and proliferation, neuromodulation, angiogenesis, metabolic disorders, inflammation, and viral infection. Not surprisingly, it is one of the most targeted protein families in pharmaceutical research today(Schlyer 2006).To find out the recent findings by IMGNEX, read the following article NF-kB Activation: Elucidating Upstream Events NF-kB (Nuclear Factor-KappaB) is a heterodimeric protein composed of different combinations of members of the Rel family of transcription factors. The Rel/NF-kB family of transcription factors are involved mainly in stress-induced, immune, and inflammatory responses. Glutamate: Brain "Glu" Gets You in a Sticky Situation The A2a Adenosine Receptor is a major target of caffeine. This receptor inhibits cell aggregation, induces vasodilation, and downregulates inflammation. The A2a receptor has been reported to be expressed in brain, embryo, heart, lung, and vessel. Data Validation through Tissue Analysis IMGENEX History-Array™ tissue array slides are a simple, powerful, inexpensive, yet highly efficient method for expression analysis or localization studies of molecular targets at the DNA, RNA or protein level. Tumor & Microenvironment Biomarkers Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that are key mediators of programmed cell death or apoptosis (1). The precursor form of all caspases is composed of a prodomain, and large and small catalytic subunits. GPR83: A Novel Treg Expressed Cell Surface Marker GPR83 is a member of the Orphan-A G-Protein coupled receptor family, and has anunknown ligand. It has been previously reported in various regions of the brain, within a subset of T-lymphocytes, and by RT-PCR at low levels in heart, kidney, liver, and otherorgans. Are we "Livin" or just "Survivin"? Apoptosis is regulated by death domain (DD) and/or caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing molecules and a caspase family of proteases. A novel CARD domain containing protein was recently identified and designated ARC for apoptosis repressor with CARD (1). For more details read out the article: Analysis of HID5 in Breast Cancer: HID-5 (S100A7/Psoriasin) Psoriasin/HID-5 play a role in the establishment or maintenance of these pathologies, and may serve as a diagnostic marker of particular tumor types or abnormally proliferative epithelia. Apoptosis Programmed Cell Death Apoptosis is regulated by death domain (DD) and/or caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing molecules and a caspase family of proteases. A novel CARD domain containing protein was recently identified and designated ARC for apoptosis repressor with CARD (1). For more details read out the article: ATF6 and ER Stress: Potential Cancer BioMarker? AFT6 plays a key role in the ER stress response by transmitting the ER stress signal across the ER membrane into the nucleus. The induction of new gene expression by ATF6 is an important aspect of the ER stress response. For more details read out the article:

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